پایان نامه مبارزه ی بیولوژیک با نماتد Meloidogyne توسط باکتری Pasteuria penetrans

پایان نامه مبارزه ی بیولوژیک با نماتد Meloidogyne توسط باکتری Pasteuria penetrans  

مقدمه :

امروزه استفاده از مبارزه بیولوژیک در راستای جلوگیری از خسارت آفات و بیماریها به طور گسترده در حال بررسی است و محققین سعی در گسترش روشهای مورد استفاده در مبارزه بیولوژیک دارند.

در این میان نماتدها جزء گروههایی هستند که می توانند خسارت قابل توجهی به گیاهان وارد کنند که خسارتی که نماتدهای پارازیت گیاهی وارد می کنند به دو صورت است. از طرفی آنها موجب ضعیف شدن گیاه میزبان می شوند و شرایط را برای حمله سایر پارازیتها نظیر قارچها، باکتری ها، ... مساعد می کنند و از طرفی نماتدها که اکثراً به ریشه گیاه حمله می کنند موجب کاهش رشد زایشی گیاه می شوند.

فهرست مطالب

عنوان···································································································· صفحه

مقدمه ············································································································ 1

نماتدها ··········································································································· 3

نماتدهای انگل گیاهی ····················································································· 8

فرآیند بیماری زایی نماتدها ········································································ 13

راههای مبارزه با نماتد مولد غده ریشه ····················································· 19

مبارزه بیولوژیک با نماتدها········································································· 28

باکتری Pasteuria penetrans ································································ 35

صفات مبارزه ی بیولوژیک ········································································ 44

سیستماتیک Pasteuria penetrans ························································· 54

اکولوژی Pasteuria penetrans······························································· 58

دشمنان طبیعی اندسپورها ·········································································· 60

بیولوژی Pasteuria penetrans······························································· 62

     مرحله اتصال ························································································ 63

     نفوذ ······································································································ 66

     سیکل زندگی در بدن نماتد ··································································· 67

اسپورزایی ·································································································· 70

عوامل موثر برچسبیدن باکتری Pasteuria penetrans به نماتد Meloidogyne spp    72

     اثر تراکم اندوسپورهای P. penetrans در خاک روی چسبیدن······ 76

     اثر بافت خاک روی چسبیدن اندواسپورها ··········································· 79

     تأثیر رطوبت خاک روی چسبیدن اندوسپورها ···································· 82

     اثر دمای خاک روی چسبیدن اندواسپورها ········································· 85

     اثر سن نماتد روی چسبیدن اندواسپور ··············································· 87

     اثر PH روی چسبیدن اندوسپورها ····················································· 90

تفاوت عملکرد ایزوله های مختلف Pasteuria penetrans······················· 91

تأثیر دمای ثابت و متغیر در گسترش Pasteuria penetrans در بدن نماتد Meloidogyne spp         96

کشت Pasteuria penetrans·································································· 101

     کشت in-vitro··················································································· 103

     کشت in-vivo···················································································· 106

تهیه ی پودر ریشه ی پاستوریا ······························································· 108

پودر دتابل پاستوریا (P.W.P)································································· 111

مقایسه ی اثر کنترل بیولوژیک اندوسپورهای in-vivo و in-vito ········ 115

علل عدم استفاده ی وسیع از Pasteuria penetrans به عنوان یک عامل کنترل بیولوژیک          119

منابع ········································································································· 121